Plasma technology is revolutionizing the surface modification of materials, especially textiles [ 1 ]. As a result, fabrics acquire new properties such as hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity, enhanced dye absorption capacity, and the ability to clean surfaces without the use of chemicals. Additionally, plasma treatment enhances the adhesion of other materials to fabrics, facilitating the creation of specialized finishes such as flame retardancy, UV protection, increased hardness, and antibacterial properties [ 2 7 ].
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9,10,11,12,Recent advances in antimicrobial textile technology have significantly impacted the medical field, as textiles provide an excellent environment for the colonization, transmission, and spread of microorganisms [ 8 13 ]. Under favorable humidity and temperature conditions, textiles become an ideal environment for the development of pathogens. This negatively affects their quality and durability, leading to potential discoloration, unpleasant odors, and reduced mechanical strength of the fabric [ 11 14 ]. The latest research on fabrics focuses on developing innovative features that enhance their market appeal, improve quality and functionality, and respond to the changing needs and expectations of consumers [ 15 ]. By using different molecules with different structures, textile materials can be modified, giving them new properties. These modified fabrics are primarily used in the medical industry, wound healing, and hospital environments, providing protection against microorganisms [ 16 ].
18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,Since March , the United States Environmental Protection Agency has recognized copper as a natural source of protection against microorganisms [ 17 20 ]. A distinctive characteristic of this metal is its enduring antibacterial effect, capable of significantly reducing the number of harmful bacteria after brief contact. Copper possesses the ability to both transfer and accept electrons, initiating oxidation and reduction reactions within microbial cells. The effectiveness of copper is contingent upon its concentration, determining whether microorganisms will be inhibited or allowed to proliferate further [ 19 39 ].
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Cotton&#;copper composites have attracted significant global interest as promising antibacterial materials due to their unique combination of properties. Scientists have extensively explored their potential applications across various fields, driven by the urgent need for effective antimicrobial solutions amidst increasing concerns about antibiotic resistance [ 40 41 ]. Several notable advancements highlight the growing interest in this composite material. Pérez-Alvarez et al. synthesized copper nanoparticles via green methods using cotton fibers and water as a solvent, eliminating the need for toxic reducing agents [ 42 ]. Zhao et al. described an environmentally friendly and cost-effective process for producing copper&#;cotton composites through electroless plating [ 43 ]. Qian et al. addressed the challenge of enhancing the durability and wash resistance of copper-containing materials. They devised a straightforward, cost-effective method for integrating copper ions into cotton fabrics at the molecular level, facilitating the efficient production of textiles with antiviral and antibacterial properties. This molecular integration enables these textiles to endure repeated washing and wearing, essential for practical applications [ 10 ]. Similarly, Sedighi et al. developed an economical in situ synthesis of copper nanoparticles on cotton fabric using a chemical reduction approach. They investigated the hydrophobicity, mechanical properties, and antibacterial efficacy of the samples. The sustained antibacterial effectiveness of the fabrics containing copper nanoparticles even after 30 washing cycles underscores their potential for use in textile and medical applications, demonstrating the robust stability of the nanoprocessed fabric [ 44 ]. Despite these advancements, there remain several challenges in the development and application of cotton&#;copper composites. Our research aims to contribute to the field of cotton&#;copper composites by examining their impact on blood clotting mechanisms. Specifically, we focus on evaluating their effects on activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT). Additionally, we investigate their interactions with plasmid DNA using a plasmid relaxation assay, which may elucidate their antimicrobial properties. Our study seeks to expand the understanding of the biomedical applications of cotton&#;copper composites and assess their potential utility in textiles and wound dressing materials.
48,49,50,53,59,The article presents a method for producing antibacterial cotton textiles using magnetron sputtering technology, which generates a stable metallic copper coating on fabric (COT&#;Cu). The COT&#;Cu material, comprising cotton as the primary component and magnetron-sputtered copper particles, has the potential to exhibit several important properties. The degradability and stability of this material are crucial factors influencing its environmental impact [ 45 46 ]. Cotton, being a natural plant fiber, is biodegradable, which facilitates the biological decomposition of the material [ 47 51 ]. In contrast, sputtered copper, as a metal, does not undergo traditional biodegradation but can corrode under specific atmospheric conditions, particularly when exposed to moisture and chemical agents [ 52 54 ]. The intricate composition of cotton and copper results in varying durability of the individual components, influencing their degradation processes based on usage conditions and their relative proportions. The stability of COT&#;Cu materials is another key consideration. Cotton is relatively chemically stable [ 55 ], meaning it is resistant to most common cleaning agents and does not undergo destructive reactions with them [ 56 ]. However, microorganisms can degrade cotton fibers, potentially compromising the overall structural stability of the material [ 57 58 ]. Additionally, the antimicrobial properties of copper can protect the cotton material from microbial degradation, further enhancing its stability [ 10 60 ]. Conversely, copper is known for its corrosion resistance, although its durability can be affected by atmospheric conditions and the presence of certain chemicals [ 61 ]. These materials can demonstrate good mechanical stability due to the strength of cotton fibers combined with the additional properties of copper, such as resistance to wear and friction. The complex composition of COT&#;Cu materials defines their degradability and stability, which is critical for their various applications.
This study focuses on qualitatively assessing the effectiveness of copper as an antimicrobial agent on cotton fabrics. Evidence supporting the validity of the antimicrobial concept includes studies examining its antifungal and antibacterial effects. Through magnetron sputtering, various samples were analyzed to determine the deposited copper amount. The aim of the research was to investigate the impact of the obtained materials on the blood plasma coagulation process in the initial stage of wound treatment while maintaining their antibacterial properties. Diagnostic tests including aPTT (to determine fibrin clot formation time) and PT (to determine prothrombin time) were used for this purpose. We also performed a plasmid relaxation assay, which is a simple method for determining the potential of the tested material to directly interaction with DNA. As a result of these interactions, it is possible to induce DNA breaks, resulting in a change in electrophoretic mobility of the plasmid DNA. Herein, we analyzed the potential of cotton and cotton&#;copper composites to interact with DNA after 24 h incubation. Moreover, the process of obtaining copper-coated materials (COT&#;Cu) was found to be simple, cost-effective, and applicable to various types of cotton fabrics. This methodology has the potential to expand the applications of cellulosic materials, introducing new possibilities. These findings hold significance, particularly in utilizing plasma technology to confer antibacterial properties to textiles, with implications extending to the production of medical materials.
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